GNU/Linux Desktop Survival Guide by Graham Williams
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Rebooting

20190821 After an upgrade there may be times when a reboot is required (such as when the kernel is upgraded). We can check if a reboot is required by checking for the file /var/run/reboot-required. If it exists then the computer requires a reboot and the contents of the file may explain why. A useful command to include in an initialisation file (e.g., .bashrc) is:

$ if [ -e /var/run/reboot-required ]; then 
    cat /var/run/reboot-required
  else
    echo "Reboot not required."
  fi

To reboot a computer usually requires admin privileges:

  $ sudo reboot